NBME Form 28 Practice Test

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• A boy with knee pain and an osteolytic mass is biopsied, showing pleomorphic cells. What is the most common bone malignancy in children?
• What does the odds ratio represent in the study examining obesity as a risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
• In a newborn whose mother has type 1 diabetes, which fetal condition most likely causes postnatal hypoglycemia?
• What is the main consequence of reduced intestinal motility in patients with cirrhosis?
• During surgery to remove a cervical rib, which vessel is at greatest risk of injury?
• What characteristic of the glucocorticoid receptor contributes to the lasting effects of dexamethasone even after it's eliminated from the body?
• What common clinical finding in fibromuscular dysplasia patients contributes to hypertension?
• What nerve is most likely damaged in the patient who struggles to purse lips after a facial injury?
• What mechanism of action do aminoglycoside antibiotics primarily exhibit against bacterial infections?
• A 25-year-old woman presents with hypertension and bilateral abdominal bruits. What is the most likely acute effect of ACE inhibitor treatment on her renal function?
• In a patient with sensorineural hearing loss receiving a cochlear implant, which structure is directly stimulated by the device?
• During which phase of the cell cycle does the synthesis of enzymes necessary for genome replication occur?
• What type of immune cell is primarily responsible for attacking virally infected cells lacking class I MHC?
• What best explains the symptoms experienced by the 25-year-old woman during her sprint training?
• A newborn dies three days after birth; an autopsy shows bilirubin deposition in the brain. What is the most likely cause of this condition?
• In a study assessing a new SERM for fracture prevention, which conclusion is supported by the data?
• A child ingested a household solvent and his liver cells regenerate through recruitment from G0. What is the key mechanism?
• Where should an incision to remove a section of the great saphenous vein begin?
• In a case of precocious puberty due to an ovarian tumor, the tumor is most likely derived from which cell type?
• Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the conversion of androstenedione to estradiol in the ovaries?
• A male patient presents with testicular pain and purulent discharge. Which organism is most likely responsible for his condition?
• A physician is evaluating a boy whose mother is concerned about his height. What should the physician's response focus on?
• In a patient with decreased pain and temperature sensation in the left lower extremity, which structure is likely damaged?
• What will the decrease in ambient partial pressure of oxygen likely increase in a patient after altitude exposure?
• Which condition is characterized by minimal change in light microscopy and is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
• What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient exhibiting fatigue, cold intolerance, and a nodular thyroid gland?
• In patients with achalasia, what is the characteristic feature seen during a barium swallow?
• What role does the spinothalamic tract play in sensation?
• What is the expected impact of hypoxia on the pulmonary vasculature?
• Which condition is most likely diagnosed when examining a liver specimen with numerous metastases obliterating normal liver parenchyma?
• Which occupational exposure is most closely linked to the development of acute myelogenous leukemia?
• A patient shows symptoms typical of a viral infection following the development of a mass in the pituitary gland. What is the most probable initial resource for determining the nature of her condition?
• Which type of cell is responsible for the uptake of amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain?
• What condition is most likely indicated in a patient with chronic kidney disease experiencing itching and decreased urination?
• The treatment approach for a patient diagnosed with mitochondrial encephalopathy typically involves what?
• What condition is most likely indicated by a patient experiencing severe rectal pain during bowel movements, possibly due to a fissure?
• A 13-year-old boy has leukemia with marked features suggesting T-lymphocyte transformation. What is the normal counterpart of these malignant lymphocytes?
• In the context of granulosa cell tumors, what feature is most indicative of their activity?
• What condition best accounts for a 16-year-old boy's shortness of breath and cough during sports?
• What complication arises from excessive fetal exposure to insulin in a newborn?
• What finding is most likely present in a patient experiencing subclavian steal syndrome during physical examination?
• A 72-year-old woman develops recurrent angina symptoms after stent placement. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
• A 23-year-old man cuts his lip while shaving, and bleeding stops rapidly. What mechanism is responsible for this rapid control of blood loss?
• What type of receptor agonist is most likely to alleviate muscle spasms in a patient with multiple sclerosis?
• During a medical examination, a patient shows signs of thrombocytopenia. Which could be contributing to this condition?
• A 17-year-old boy's mother is concerned about his delayed puberty. What should the physician initially ask her?
• What is the most likely cause of the symptoms observed in the 14-year-old boy with cognitive decline and ataxia?
• Which cognitive issue is most likely present in a patient with hippocampal damage due to anoxic brain injury two months later?
• A patient has a high serum prolactin level with milky discharge and an MRI shows a pituitary lesion. What hormonal class should be targeted for treatment?
• What is the most likely medication used for inhibiting platelet interaction during coronary procedures?
• In the case of gestational diabetes, which enzyme likely has decreased activity due to elevated glucose levels?
• A 34-year-old woman on infliximab for Crohn disease develops pulmonary tuberculosis. This therapy mainly inhibited which immunologic function?
• Which muscle is primarily responsible for supinating the forearm?
• A 5-month-old girl presents with irritability, feeding difficulty, and "floppiness." What process is likely defective, given decreased complex II activity in her condition?
• What statistical measurement best describes the proportion of newborns diagnosed with congenital heart disease in a local hospital over the past year?
• A 56-year-old woman with breast carcinoma has pericardial invasion. Which structure is likely involved?
• Following prostate cancer surgery, a man develops urinary incontinence due to nerve damage. What tissue type is primarily affected?
• What is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy mechanism for treating giardiasis in a patient with a history of travel to rural Indonesia?
• What physiological response occurs in the left ventricle with severe aortic stenosis?
• How does metronidazole exert its antimicrobial effect against Giardia lamblia?
• A 5-month-old boy presents with fever and severe cough. A silver-stained specimen shows Pneumocystis jirovecii. What cell type is most likely decreased?
• A 3-year-old boy with pale skin is suspected to have hereditary spherocytosis. What genetic mutation is most likely present?
• In a patient with symptoms suggestive of bacterial endocarditis, which organism is most likely responsible if alpha hemolysis is noted?
• A 3-year-old girl has a history of recurrent infections, and her neutrophils can phagocytose but not kill Staphylococcus aureus. Which enzyme is most likely deficient in this patient?
• Which condition is least likely to be caused by the bacterium responsible for endocarditis in patients with dental procedures?
• Which deficiency is most likely responsible for impairing the respiratory burst in phagocytes?
• A 67-year-old woman prefers stool testing for blood over colonoscopy for cancer screening. What is the physician most concerned about regarding the stool test?
• A 5-year-old boy ingested a household cleaning solvent and is recovering from acute hepatic and renal failure. What mechanism is primarily responsible for the regeneration of his damaged cells?
• The absence of which compound leads to symptoms of alcohol flush reaction?
• Who is most likely to experience chronic headaches and neurocognitive impairment due to substance abuse in adolescence?
• What condition is indicated by fever, rash, and eosinophils in a patient after starting antibiotics?
• What condition might a 75-year-old woman with a brown-black mottled facial lesion and atypical melanocytes in the epidermis likely have?
• What cardiovascular changes would you expect in a patient with systemic sclerosis considering pulmonary and cardiac involvement?
• A 21-year-old woman with primary pulmonary hypertension is treated with bosentan. What receptors are most likely being blocked as a result of this treatment?
• What indicates the surgical necessity for a newborn presenting with esophageal atresia?
• Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the symptoms associated with DiGeorge syndrome?
• What is the most likely cause of frothing at the mouth, cyanosis, and respiratory distress in a newborn with polyhydramnios?
• When lymphocytes are treated with corticosteroids, DNA analysis shows a ladder pattern on agarose gel. What is the most likely reason for this?
• Which mechanism best explains the 25% lower maximal FEV1 increase observed in some subjects after taking a B-agonist?
• In patients experiencing acute anaphylactic reactions, which status is most commonly seen?
• What is the most likely cause of fever and malaise associated with ascites in a chronic alcohol-dependent patient?
• What genetic mechanism is associated with Fragile X syndrome in a patient exhibiting intellectual disability and characteristic physical features?
• A 2-month-old girl presents with difficulty breathing and a loud systolic murmur. What is the most likely underlying genetic mechanism?
• What is the most likely diagnosis for a 62-year-old man with coolness and absent pulses in the right leg?
• Which condition is best explained by severe abdominal pain that originates in the flank and radiates to the groin, accompanied by nausea and tenderness in the left flank?
• A young woman presents with abdominal pain and cervical motion tenderness. What structure is likely affected?
• A child presents with symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. What is the probable serum finding associated with low vitamin D?
• What is the most likely description of a lesion that shows irregular borders and atypical melanocytes, and is consistent with malignant melanoma?
• A 6-week-old infant has an umbilical discharge containing intestinal fluid. Where is the fistula most likely connected?
• A biopsy shows atypical cells in a boy with knee pain and an osteolytic mass. What area is most likely to be the first site of metastasis?
• What type of colonic lesion is indicated in a patient with chronic occult gastrointestinal bleeding?
• Which medication is ineffective against cytomegalovirus due to its lack of the necessary activating enzyme?
• What is the primary clinical manifestation of hereditary angioedema?
• What is the significance of Wallerian degeneration in nerve regeneration?
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics are synergistically effective when combined with which class of antibiotics?
• In a patient who has smoked for many years, what mechanism explains the pleasurable sensation from nicotine leading to addiction?
• In evaluating a 34-year-old woman with tuberculosis, which therapy's primary action involves inhibiting TNF-alpha?
• What best describes a study surveying office workers on computer use and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?
• What is the underlying mechanism for the immune system's inability to fight certain intracellular pathogens, as described in the context of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare?
• What is the significance of clubbing of digits in regard to lung carcinoma?
• What clinical manifestation typically accompanies hemochromatosis as a result of iron overload?
• Which protein is known for inhibiting apoptosis in cells?
• What is the role of Vitamin D in calcium metabolism?
• A 67-year-old woman with a family history of colon cancer is reluctant to undergo colonoscopy. What is the primary concern with stool testing?
• What is the most likely underlying cause of urinary symptoms in an elderly man with diabetes and bladder diverticulum?
• A 10-year-old boy undergoing chemotherapy presents with fever and severe ankle pain. What compound is most likely elevated due to his symptoms?
• After a biopsy of a cervical leukoplakia shows invasive squamous cell carcinoma, to which lymph nodes will lymph most likely drain first?
• What is the physiological effect observed when epinephrine stimulates B-adrenergic receptors?
• The neuropsychiatric effects observed in chronic inhalant abusers primarily lead to what symptom in patients?
• Which change occurs in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during aortic stenosis?
• Which location is most common for the formation of diverticula in acquired colonic diverticulosis?
• A deficiency of vitamin E in a patient with cholestatic liver disease is related to which absorption requirement?
• What is the likely reason for easy bruising in a patient with a vitamin C deficiency?
• What is the expected laboratory finding in a patient with abetalipoproteinemia?
• In a study examining turtle exposure, what is the incidence of infection in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group?
• A 52-year-old woman has a large pericardial effusion attributed to malignancy. Which primary cancer is most commonly associated with this finding?
• In the context of renal pathology, what primarily causes edema in nephrotic syndrome?
• Which symptom would most likely accompany halitosis in a patient diagnosed with Zenker diverticulum?
• What mechanism is primarily involved in mediating hypoparathyroidism leading to hypocalcemia?
• Which of the following best describes the mode of action of glucagon in maintaining glucose levels?
• What is the primary mechanism by which humoral antibodies protect against reinfection by viruses?
• Both T3 and T4 are studied in hepatocytes. What best describes the action of these thyroid hormones?
• A 7-year-old girl with painful swelling under her arm, showing pleomorphic bacilli in biopsy. What is the causal organism?
• Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by protein synthesis and preparation for DNA replication?
• Which condition is characterized by episodes of wheezing, cough, and dyspnea after exercise in an adolescent?
• Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose in the liver?
• What is a common symptom of acute hyponatremia in humans?
• In the context of hereditary hemochromatosis, what is the underlying cause of this condition?
• A 60-year-old woman presents with a bleeding lesion on her nose. Biopsy shows neoplastic cells with dense pigment granules. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• In a case of suspected stroke from atrial fibrillation, which therapy would be most beneficial in the acute phase?
• A patient undergoing mechanical ventilation has a tidal volume of 500 mL and specific pressures during breaths. What is this patient's respiratory system compliance?
• Which laboratory finding commonly occurs in patients with chronic granulomatous disease?
• After experiencing vasodilation and hypotension from anaphylaxis, which kidney area is most likely injured?
• A 1-year-old girl exhibits bowed legs and low growth rates. What is the most likely finding in her serum?
• What is the most likely diagnosis for a 22-year-old woman with shortness of breath and peripheral edema following delivery?
• A study assesses the interaction between ciprofloxacin and sucralfate in patients. Which study design is described?
• What karyotype is typical in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome?
• Which area of the penis is primarily affected by sildenafil when treating erectile dysfunction?
• A female newborn diagnosed with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia is at risk for which significant respiratory condition?
• What is the primary cause of apnea in a patient with opioid overdose?
• A 14-year-old girl with decreased tryptophan levels is likely experiencing an impairment in the production of which vitamin?
• A 67-year-old woman with Crohn disease develops fever and chills after starting parenteral hyperalimentation, with blood culture showing yeast. What is the most likely organism responsible?
• In a patient with cholestasis, why might vitamin K absorption be impaired?
• In the context of a fully penetrant autosomal dominant gene mutation, what can explain the presence of wild-type alleles in affected individuals?
• The presence of argininosuccinate in urine indicates a defect in which metabolic conversion?
• What most likely explains a young woman’s experience of swallowing difficulties without pain and subsequent weight loss?
• What is the expected prevalence of heterozygous females for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, given its occurrence in 1 in 100,000 males?
• Failure of normal differentiation of the endoderm in embryonic lung bud affects what aspect of lung development?
• Ganciclovir interferes with which enzyme in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection?
• Which of the following is a common feature of osteoarthritis as it relates to treatment options like glucosamine?
• A sexually active 20-year-old woman presents with painful vesicular lesions on the vulva. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Feedback inhibition of the enzyme related to which pathway is critical for controlling the synthesis of purine nucleotides?
• What laboratory technique is key in diagnosing infections caused by Histoplasma capsulatum?
• A patient experiences muscle cramps and weakness during chemotherapy for lymphoma. Which cell surface markers will likely be absent from these neoplastic cells?
• A patient with a flat abdominal X-ray and suspected copious air in the colon may be experiencing which condition?
• What is indicated by elevated lactic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid analysis?
• Which ovarian cells are responsible for converting androstenedione to estradiol during the menstrual cycle?
• Which genetic disorder is characterized by decreased C1 esterase inhibitors?
• Which action should be added to a patient's treatment with furosemide who has developed hypokalemia?
• In which type of injury would you expect to see a crescent-shaped fluid collection on a CT scan?
• A 13-year-old girl has a pigmented mass in the thoracic region at the 10th rib. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• In a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia, which cell type deficiency is most likely contributing to infection risk?
• A woman with a history of recurrent urinary infections shows increased resistance to levofloxacin. Which bacterial mechanism likely contributed to this outcome?
• A woman with panic disorder is prescribed a medication that activates benzodiazepine binding. What is the most likely medication?
• A patient with recurrent mouth sores and symptoms exacerbated by specific foods is likely suffering from which condition?
• What mutation likely explains the resistance to zidovudine in an HIV patient?
• What is the most likely condition in a 76-year-old man presenting with recurrent gouty attacks and elevated serum uric acid?
• In a case with symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa and ataxia, which apolipoprotein deficiency is likely responsible?
• A woman with a history of cholelithiasis presents with acute abdominal pain radiating to the back. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
• What enzyme's increased activity results in neutrophil chemotaxis and oxidative metabolism impairment in pertussis patients?
• In a patient with rib fractures and respiratory distress, what physical finding indicates the presence of subcutaneous air?
• A 27-year-old man presents with fever, cough, and chest x-ray findings that suggest a fungal infection. Which exposure is most consistent with his diagnosis?
• Hypercalcemia in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is mainly due to increased activity of which cell type?
• What complication might occur in patients with untreated renal cell carcinoma?
• Which of the following is a common presentation for a patient with nephropathy following tumor lysis syndrome?
• Which autoantibody is specifically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
• What process is indicated by a point mutation altering the AATAAA sequence in the beta-globin gene?
• A 23-year-old woman overdoses on acetaminophen and has a history of self-harm. Which personality disorder is she most likely suffering from?
• In a patient with gout, which substance is most likely associated with the condition due to its effect on uric acid excretion?
• In response to a viral strain decreasing class I MHC expression, which immune cells are likely to be more effective against the parental virus?
• A woman who binge-eats and purges is most likely to present with which physical finding?
• What causes an increase in serum creatine kinase MB (CKMB) levels after myocardial ischemia?
• A 24-year-old man in a coma has respiratory assessments during mechanical ventilation. His displayed pressure values are indicative of what respiratory condition?
• What area of the brain is most likely affected if an individual has weakness of the right lower face?
• What organism is responsible for cat scratch disease, which is characterized by painful swelling of lymph nodes after a cat bite or scratch?
• Which clinical finding is most typical of pulmonary embolism?
• What is the common presenting infection in patients with chronic granulomatous disease?
• What is the most statistically significant 95% confidence interval for a study measuring the risk of melanoma associated with tanning bed use?
• A 53-year-old man has progressive swallowing difficulties, and biopsy shows intestinal metaplasia. What condition does this indicate?
• A patient presents with hypertension and is tested for drugs affecting endothelin. Which condition is bosentan used for?
• What is the expected underlying condition in a patient presenting with recurrent Staphylococcus aureus infections and conjunctival discharge?
• A 22-year-old woman exhibits signs consistent with dehydration and hyponatremia after running a marathon. What is the likely cause?
• What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism in acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following prolonged hypotension?
• Which conduction pathway has the longest conduction time in the heart?
• What type of tumors are pilocytic astrocytomas, particularly in the pediatric population?
• What is the most likely diagnosis in a patient with rash, proximal muscle weakness, and fatigue?
• In which part of the body is the most common location for the formation of diverticula?
• What is a common treatment approach for peripartum cardiomyopathy?
• A 25-year-old woman has a milky discharge from her breasts and elevated prolactin levels due to a pituitary adenoma. What is the most appropriate treatment?
• A woman experiences painful mouth lesions triggered by spicy food. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• In the presence of respiratory muscle tension graphs, which two drugs are likely responsible for observed results?
• A patient on chemotherapy presents with signs of drug toxicity. Which tissues are most likely affected?
• A 68-year-old man with recurrent urinary tract infections is treated with levofloxacin. A resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows in a blood culture. What is the best explanation for this resistance?
• Facial flushing after alcohol consumption in a 21-year-old woman suggests a mutation in which enzyme?
• A 12-year-old girl has a rash indicating Lyme disease. The causative agent is most similar to which infectious agent?
• In psoriatic lesions, which vitamin is associated with treatment effectiveness through nuclear binding?
• Which condition is indicated by the presence of a patent processus vaginalis in a fetus?
• What type of study takes multiple patients and describes their experiences without testing a hypothesis?
• Which complication is associated with untreated peripartum cardiomyopathy?
• What type of proprioception is primarily mediated by the anterior lobe of the cerebellum?
• A 74-year-old man shows signs of heart failure, and the echocardiogram shows a normal ejection fraction. What is the underlying issue likely due to his history of poorly controlled hypertension?
• A 25-year-old man with a thrombus in the superficial femoral vein shows protein C deficiency. Which coagulation factors are most likely inactivated due to this deficiency?
• The child with developmental delays and characteristic neurological findings has a familial history suggestive of a metabolic disorder. Which metabolic pathway is likely affected if complex II activity is diminished?
• What symptom might suggest the presence of a lower urinary tract obstruction due to prostatic hyperplasia?
• In a cohort study, what is the definition of relative risk?
• A 65-year-old man with diabetes presents with muscle wasting and neurological symptoms. What is the likely impaired nerve pair?
• In the case of the 14-year-old girl with hearing loss and elevated lactic acid levels, which genetic mutation is most likely present?
• In a patient with prolonged PTT corrected by hemophilia A plasma, which condition is the most likely diagnosis?
• A man dies of renal failure and his urinalysis shows the presence of Bence Jones protein. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What contraception method carries the highest risk for future fertility interference?
• Which of the following best describes intrapleural pressure during mechanical ventilation with PEEP?
• The patient presents with jugular venous distention and crackles in the lungs. What do these findings indicate?
• A 65-year-old woman presents with a brain mass and proximal muscle weakness. Which condition is most likely affecting her?
• What is the most likely cause of initial hypotension in a patient with sepsis and E. coli bacteremia?
• What condition is suggested by fever, abdominal pain, and free air under the diaphragm in an emergency department patient?
• What is the diagnosis for a 25-year-old woman presenting with an itchy rash and vesicles on the skin, with direct immunofluorescence showing IgA deposits?
• What autoimmune condition is characterized by hyperthyroidism symptoms and diffuse thyroid enlargement?
• A 50-year-old man exhibits progressive shortness of breath and lab results indicate decreased arterial and venous oxygen content. What is the most likely explanation?
• In peripheral nerve regeneration, what is the rate-limiting step in the return to normal sensation?
• What is the most likely cause of calf muscle atrophy in a 40-year-old man who underwent Achilles tendon surgery?
• A 70-year-old man with colorectal carcinoma has chronic occult blood loss. What type of colonic polyp is likely present?
• An adolescent presents with symptoms of heart murmurs and potential heart residue. What likely defect could cause a fixed split S2?
• A 20-year-old woman presents with an injured wrist after falling on an outstretched hand. Which carpal bone is most likely fractured?
• What is the best initial response by a physician delivering bad news to a patient about terminal cancer?
• A patient with acute coronary syndrome is treated with aspirin and what other class of medication to inhibit platelet aggregation?
• Which study design describes the investigation into exercise's impact on myocardial infarction risk?
• What is the most suitable explanation for Drug X's high absorption at gastric pH given its weak acid property?
• A woman with a family history of cystic fibrosis is assessed for her risk as a potential carrier. What is the best approximation of her risk of being a heterozygote?
• During fasting, what type of receptor assists in maintaining serum glucose levels in the liver?
• An 8-year-old boy bleeds excessively after tooth extraction, and his partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is prolonged, corrected by hemophilia A plasma. What is the likely diagnosis?
• What best characterizes the leukocytosis in a patient with appendicitis?
• A 35-year-old woman with a fibula fracture exhibits weakness in which specific leg motion due to common peroneal nerve injury?
• In which scenario would a patient not require immediate treatment for gallstones?
• A premenopausal woman with a family history of osteoporosis is concerned about her risk. What additional information is crucial in evaluating her risk?
• What condition is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections due to impaired leukocyte function despite normal B and T lymphocyte counts?
• A 29-year-old woman diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome is advised to make lifestyle changes. What intervention is likely to support adherence to this plan?
• What is the role of interferon-gamma (IFN-y) in macrophage function?
• What symptom is least likely associated with decreased levels of tryptophan in the body?
• What is the primary risk factor associated with the development of anal fissures?
• What type of study design was utilized in determining the association between melanoma and tanning bed use?
• Which cellular compartment processes a peptide recognized by a T-lymphocyte clone from influenza virus?
• What HLA type would T lymphocytes from a donor most likely react to in a transplant case where the donor is HLA-DR6 and the recipient is HLA-DR4?
• Which class of drug is likely causing respiratory issues in a patient with glaucoma who has been using eyedrops?
• A patient with CD4+ count below 200 presents with pneumonia. What fungal organism is most likely causing the infection?
• What condition is most likely indicated by hypoalgesia, weakness, and atrophy of the upper extremities in a patient?
• What mechanism is responsible for glycosuria in a patient with severe hyperglycemia?
• Which structure is primarily responsible for filling during an erection when using PDE5 inhibitors?
• A 78-year-old man with traumatic brain injury develops hyperreflexia and an extensor plantar reflex. What is the most likely cause?
• What mechanism is primarily responsible for the slowing of conduction through the AV node?
• What type of renal tumor is most often associated with clear cells on biopsy?
• Which nerve primarily innervates the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?
• A 56-year-old man on isoniazid therapy develops tingling in his feet. What vitamin deficiency is likely responsible?
• The presence of which hormone is primarily responsible for the symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia?
• What lung function change is observed in a patient with COPD who shows no response to bronchodilator therapy?
• A cardiac examination indicates a fixed split S2 and holosystolic murmur in a 21-year-old woman. What condition is suggested?
• A 1-year-old boy with pale skin and eyes turns away from bright light. What is the likely cause of his skin color?
• What is the primary substance responsible for concentrating testosterone in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules?
• What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with preoccupation about multiple somatic symptoms disrupting their life?
• Which symptom is typical for a patient with schizophrenia experiencing a psychotic episode?
• What defines the classic presentation of appendicitis on lab findings?
• In patients with chronic granulomatous disease, which bacteria are most often associated with recurrent infections?
• A patient with breast cancer has a related pericardial effusion. Which of the following is a common metastatic site for breast cancer?
• What does a high leukocyte count indicate when associated with the presence of immunoblastic cells and Auer rods?
• What is the incidence rate of obesity per 1000 patient-years based on the study results?
• Which medication works by inhibiting biliary cholesterol secretion in the treatment of gallstones?
• In a study of lipopolysaccharide synthesis, which organism is most likely to test positive for genes involved in lipid A biosynthesis?
• What best explains the presence of extensive leukocyte counts in the urine of a patient likely experiencing acute interstitial nephritis?
• How does a deficiency in vitamin C primarily affect collagen?
• Which effect is most likely to result from treatment with metformin in a patient with type 2 diabetes?
• The Chvostek sign is indicative of which condition?
• What is the most appropriate response from a physician treating a patient exhibiting signs of postpartum depression?
• What angiographic sign is indicative of fibromuscular dysplasia in the renal artery?
• In a patient with progressive eyelid drooping and facial weakness, which organ is most likely involved if a neoplasm is present?
• What is the primary purpose of using proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-12 in the immune response?
• What genetic factor necessitates mitochondria to encode their own tRNA?
• What is the likely change in myocardial oxygen consumption in a patient with aortic stenosis?
• What is the role of GABA-B receptor agonists in the treatment of muscle spasticity?
• What physiological role does ghrelin play in the body?