Which class of drug is likely causing respiratory issues in a patient with glaucoma who has been using eyedrops?

Beta-adrenergic blockers are commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma to decrease intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production. When administered topically as eye drops, systemic absorption can occur, leading to potential side effects, particularly in patients with comorbid conditions.

One notable side effect of systemic beta-adrenergic blockade is bronchoconstriction, which can exacerbate respiratory issues, especially in individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This occurs because beta-2 adrenergic receptors, which are primarily present in the bronchial smooth muscle, are inhibited, leading to decreased bronchodilation.

In contrast, the other classes of drugs have different mechanisms of action and side effect profiles. Alpha-adrenergic agonists, while they may have some respiratory effects due to vasoconstriction and central nervous system effects, are less commonly associated with significant respiratory issues compared to beta-adrenergic blockers. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors primarily work by decreasing bicarbonate production in the eye and are not directly associated with respiratory complications. Prostaglandin analogs primarily increase uveoscleral outflow and are also not linked to respiratory problems.

Thus, in patients using beta-adrenergic blockers for glaucoma